Osteoporosis and Physical Activity

Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease. In the USA, approximately 1.5 million fractures annually are attributable to osteoporosis [1] . It is a silence progressive disease that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, can result in painful fractures [2]. Osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) 2·5 SD (standard deviation) or more below the average value for premenopausal women (T score <−2·5 SD) [3]. Risk factors for osteoporosis include getting older, being female, being small and thin, low body weight, having a family history of osteoporosis, having osteopenia, low sex hormones or menopause, smoking, and some medications (oral corticosteroids and others). Osteopenia (Low bone mass) have hip BMD between 1 and 2.5 SD below the young adult reference mean (T-score less than -1 but above -2.5) [2,3].